Είναι γνωστή η τακτική του υπέρμαχων του ομοφυλοφιλικού
κινήματος να στηρίζονται σε αμφίβολης επιστημονικής ορθότητας ευρήματα,
προκειμένου να πείσουν για τα μέτρα που θέλουν να επιβάλουν στην κοινωνία.
Το ίδιο έγινε και στο προσφάτως ψηφισθέν νομοσχέδιο περί
αναδοχής τέκνων, όπου παρουσιάστηκε στην Ελληνική Βουλή κείμενο 55 ακαδημαϊκών,
που ισχυρίστηκαν ότι η επιστημονική βιβλιογραφία «καταλήγει στο ξεκάθαρο
συμπέρασμα ότι ο σεξουαλικός προσανατολισμός των γονέων δεν έχει μετρήσιμες
επιπτώσεις στην ποιότητα των σχέσεων γονέα-παιδιού».
Στηρίχθηκαν όμως σε ξένη
έρευνα μη αντιπροσωπευτικού δείγματος (άτομα υψηλού κοινωνικού status που
έκαναν ιδιωτικές υιοθεσίες, ενώ στην Ελλάδα οι αναδοχές γίνονται συνήθως από
δημόσιες κοινωνικές υπηρεσίες), δεν ανέφεραν την πιθανή ύπαρξη άλλου φύλου στη
διαπαιδαγώγηση του παιδιού (π.χ. νταντάς, που συνηθίζεται στις πλούσιες
οικογένειες), ενώ η αξιολόγηση για την ύπαρξη προβλημάτων δεν έγινε από
ειδικούς ψυχικής υγείας, όπως θα περίμενε κανείς, αλλά… από τους ίδιους τους
ομόφυλους ή ετερόφυλους γονείς, που φυσικά έχουν κάθε λόγο να υποστηρίζουν ότι
δεν υπάρχουν προβλήματα στις οικογένειές τους!
…………………………………….
A Review and Critique of Research on Same-Sex
Parenting and Adoption
Psychol
Rep. 2016; 119(3):641-760 (ISSN: 1558-691X)
Περίληψη
Είναι
η έκβαση των παιδιών με γονείς ομοφυλόφιλους άντρες, λεσβίες ή
αμφιφυλόφιλους, η ίδια με εκείνη των ετεροφυλόφιλων γονέων; Το
αμφιλεγόμενο αυτό ζήτημα εξετάζεται με λεπτομερή ανασκόπηση της
βιβλιογραφίας των κοινωνικών επιστημών, σε τρία μέρη: (1) σταθερότητα των
σχέσεων γονέων του ίδιου φύλου, (2) έκβαση των παιδιών και (3) αποτελέσματα
παιδιών σε υιοθεσία από γονείς του ιδίου φύλου.
(1)
Η αστάθεια των σχέσεων φαίνεται να είναι υψηλότερη μεταξύ των γονεικών
ζευγαριών ομοφυλοφίλων και λεσβιών, και μπορεί να αποτελέσει βασικό
μεσολαβητικό παράγοντα, που επηρεάζει την έκβαση των παιδιών.
(2)
Όσον αφορά το μέρος 2, ενώ οι γονικές αυτο-αναφορές συνήθως παρουσιάζουν λίγες
σημαντικές διαφορές (μεταξύ ομοφυλόφιλων και ετεροφυλόφιλων οικογενειών), το
κοινωνικά επιθυμητό ή σφάλματα λόγω μεροληπτικής αυτο-παρουσίασης
(των γονέων) μπορεί να αποτελέσουν συγχυτικό παράγοντα.
(3)
Ενώ ορισμένοι ερευνητές τείνουν να καταλήξουν στο συμπέρασμα ότι δεν υπάρχουν
διαφορές στην έκβαση των παιδιών, ως συνάρτηση του σεξουαλικού προσανατολισμού
των γονέων, τα συμπεράσματα αυτά φαίνονται πρόωρα υπό το πρίσμα πιο πρόσφατων
δεδομένων στα οποία έχουν παρατηρηθεί κάποια διαφορετικά αποτελέσματα σε
μερικές μελέτες.
Ανασκοπήθηκαν
οι μελέτες οι οποίες διεξήχθησαν τα τελευταία 10 χρόνια
και συνέκριναν την έκβαση σε παιδιά ομοφυλόφιλων και
ετεροφυλόφιλων γονέων. Διαπιστώθηκαν πολυάριθμοι μεθοδολογικοί περιορισμοί
(προβλήματα), που κάνουν πολύ δύσκολη την ακριβή εκτίμηση της επίδρασης του
σεξουαλικού προσανατολισμού των γονέων, στις οικογένειες που έχουν υιοθετήσει
παιδιά.
Λόγω
προβλημάτων στην επιλογή του δείγματος (του εξεταζόμενου πληθυσμού) στις
έρευνες, εξακολουθούμε να γνωρίζουμε ελάχιστα για
τη λειτουργία της οικογένειας στις θετές οικογενειών με ομοφυλόφιλους γονείς
και μέτρια ή χαμηλά εισοδήματα, με περισσότερα παιδιά ή παιδιά
μεγαλύτερης ηλικίας συμπεριλαμβανομένων εφήβων, ή για το πως αλλάζει η
λειτουργία της οικογένειας με την πάροδο του χρόνου.
Παραμένει
η ανάγκη για έρευνα υψηλής ποιότητας για τις οικογένειες ομοφυλοφίλων,
ιδιαίτερα για τις οικογένειες με ομοφυλόφιλους πατέρες και με χαμηλότερο
εισόδημα
ΒΙΒΛΙΟΓΡΑΦΙΚΕΣ ΑΝΑΦΟΡΕΣ
Allen, D. W. (2013) High school graduation rates
among children of same-sex households. Review of Economics of the Household
11(4): 635–658. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Allen, D. W. (2015) More heat than light: A
critical assessment of the same-sex parenting literature, 1995–2013. Marriage
& Family Review 51: 154–182. Google Scholar, Crossref
Allen, M., Burrell, N. (1996) Comparing the
impact of homosexual and heterosexual parents on children: Meta-analysis of
existing research. Journal of Homosexuality 32: 19–35. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Allen, D. W., Pakaluk, C., Price, J.
(2013) Nontraditional families and childhood progress through school: A
comment on Rosenfeld. Demography 50: 955–961. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Allison, R., Risman, B. J. (2013) A double
standard for “Hooking up”: How far have we come toward gender
equality? Social Science Research 42: 1191–1206. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Altman, D. G., Bland, J. M. (1995) Absence
of evidence is not evidence of absence. British Medical Journal
311: 485. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline
Amato, P. R. (2000) The consequences of divorce
for adults and children. Journal of Marriage and the Family
62: 1269–1287. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Amato, P. R. (2001) Children of divorce in
the 1990s: An update of the Amato and Keith (1991) meta-analysis. Journal of
Family Psychology 15: 355–370. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Amato, P. R. (2010) Research on divorce:
Continuing trends and new developments. Journal of Marriage and Family
72: 650–666. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Amato, P. R. (2012) The well-being of
children with gay and lesbian parents. Social Science Research
41: 771–774. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Amato, P. R., Anthony, C. J.
(2014) Estimating the effects of parental divorce and death with fixed
effects models. Journal of Marriage and Family 76: 370–386. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Amato, P. R., Cheadle, J. (2005) The long
reach of divorce: Divorce and child well-being across three Generations.
Journal of Marriage and Family 67: 191–206. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
American Psychological Association (1994)
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association, 4th
ed. Washington, DC: Author. Google Scholar
American Psychological Association (2001)
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th
ed. Washington, DC: Author. Google Scholar
American Psychological Association (2010)
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th
ed. Washington, DC: Author. Google Scholar
Anderson, K. M. (1999) Review of the book
growing up in a lesbian family: Effects on child development. Sex Roles
41(7–8): 639–641. Google Scholar, ISI
Anderson, E. (2013) The need to review peer
review: The Regnerus scandal as a call to action. Journal of Gay & Lesbian
Mental Health 17: 337–351. Google Scholar, Crossref
Anderssen, N., Amlie, C., Ytteroy, E. A.
(2002) Outcomes for children with lesbian or gay parents: A review of
studies from 1978 to 2000. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology
43: 335–351. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Andersson, G., Kolk, M. (2011) Trends in
childbearing and nuptiality in Sweden: An update with data up to 2007.
Stockholm Research Reports in Demography 7: 21–29. Google Scholar
Andersson, G., Noack, T., Seierstad, A.,
Weedon-Fekjaer, H. (2006) The demographics of same-sex marriages in Norway
and Sweden. Demography 43: 79–98. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Armesto, J. C. (2002) Developmental and
contextual factors that influence gay fathers’ parental competence: A review of
the literature. Psychology of Men & Masculinity 3: 67–78. Google Scholar, Crossref
Averett, P., Nalavany, B., Ryan, S.
(2009) An evaluation of gay/lesbian and heterosexual adoption. Adoption
Quarterly 12: 129–151. Google Scholar, Crossref
Baetens, P., Brewaeys, A. (2001) Lesbian
couples requesting donor insemination: An update of the knowledge with regard
to lesbian mother families. Human Reproduction Update 7: 512–519. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Bailey, J. M., Bobrow, D., Wolfe, M., Mikach, S.
(1995) Sexual orientation of adult sons of gay fathers. Developmental
Psychology 31: 124–129. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Ball, C. A. (2003) Lesbian and gay
families: Gender nonconformity and the implications of difference. Capital University
Law Review 31: 691–749. Google Scholar
Ball, C. A. (2012) The right to be parents: LGBT
families and the transformation of parenthood, New York, NY: New York
University Press. Google Scholar, Crossref
Ball, C. A. (2013) Social science studies
and the children of lesbians and gay men: The rational basis perspective.
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal 21: 691–764. Google Scholar
Ball, C. A. (2014) Same-sex marriage and
children: A tale of history, social science, and law, New York,
NY: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar, Crossref
Balsam, K. F., Beauchaine, T. P., Rothblum, E.
D., Solomon, S. E. (2008) Three-year follow-up of same-sex couples who had
civil unions in Vermont, same-sex couples not in civil unions, and heterosexual
married couples. Developmental Psychology 44: 102–116. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Balter, M. (2008) Why we’re different:
Probing the gap between apes and humans. Science 319: 404–405. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Barrett, H., Tasker, F. (2001) Growing up
with a gay parent: Views of 101 gay fathers on their sons’and daughters’
experiences. Educational and Child Psychology 18: 62–77. Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., Tierney, J. (2011) Willpower:
Rediscovering the greatest human strength, New York, NY: Penguin
Press. Google Scholar
Bechtold, J., Cavanagh, C., Shulman, E. P.,
Cauffman, E. (2014) Does mother know best? Adolescent and mother reports
of impulsivity and subsequent delinquency. Journal of Youth and Adolescence
43: 1903–1913. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Berkovitz, D. (2013) Gay men and surrogacy.
In: Goldberg, A. E., Allen, K. R. (eds) LGBT-parent families: Innovations in
research and implications for practice, New York, NY: Springer,
pp. 71–85. Google Scholar, Crossref
Biblarz, T. J., Stacey, J. (2010) How does
the gender of parents matter? Journal of Marriage and Family
72: 3–22. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Bigner, J. J., Jacobsen, R. B. (1989) The
value of children to gay and heterosexual fathers. In: Bozett, F. W. (ed.)
Homosexuality and the family, New York, NY: Haworth Press,
pp. 163–172. Google Scholar, Crossref
Birditt, K. S., Brown, E., Orbuch, T. L.,
McIlvane, J. M. (2010) Marital conflict behaviors and implications for
divorce over 16 years. Journal of Marriage and Family 72: 1188–1204. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Blackwelder, W. C. (1982) “Proving the null
hypothesis” in clinical trials. Controlled Clinical Trials 3: 345–353. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline
Blumstein, P., Schwartz, P. (1983) American
couples: Money, work, and sex, New York, NY: William Morrow. Google Scholar
Blumstein, P., Schwartz, P. (1990) Intimate
relationships and the creation of sexuality. In: McWhirter, D. P., Sanders, S.
A., Reinisch, J. M. (eds) Homosexuality/heterosexuality: Concepts of sexual
orientation, New York, NY: Oxford University Press,
pp. 307–320. Google Scholar
Bos, H. M. W. (2004) Parenting in planned
lesbian families, Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Vossiuspers UvA. Google Scholar, Crossref
Bos, H. M. W. (2010) Planned gay father
families in kinship arrangements. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Family
Therapy 31: 356–371. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Bos, H. M. W. (2013) Lesbian-mother
families formed through donor insemination. In: Goldberg, A. E., Allen, K. R.
(eds) LGBT-parent families: Innovations in research and implications for
practice, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 21–37. Google Scholar, Crossref
Bos, H. M. W., Gartrell, N. K., Peyser, H., van
Balen, F. (2008) The USA National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study
(NLLFS): Homophobia, psychological adjustment, and protective factors. Journal
of Lesbian Studies 12: 455–471. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline
Bos, H. M. W., Gartrell, N., Roeleveld, J.,
& Ledoux, G. (2013). Civic competence of Dutch children in female same-sex
parent families: A comparison with children of opposite-sex children. Youth & Society.
Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/0044118X13502366. Google Scholar
Bos, H. M. W., Gartrell, N. K., van Balen, F.,
Peyser, H., Sandfort, T. G. M. (2008) Children in planned lesbian
families: A cross-cultural comparison between the United States and the
Netherlands. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 78: 211–219. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Bos, H. M. W., Gartrell, N., van Gelderen, L.
(2013) Adolescents in lesbian families: DSM-oriented scale scores and
stigmatization. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services
25: 121–140. Google Scholar, Crossref
Bos, H. M. W., Goldberg, N., van Gelderen, L.,
Gartrell, N. (2012) Adolescents of the U.S. National Longitudinal Lesbian
Family Study: Male role models, gender role traits, and psychological
adjustment. Gender & Society 26: 603–638. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI
Bos, H. M. W., Knox, J. R., van Rijn-van
Gelderen, L., Gartrell, N. K. (2016) Same-sex and different-sex parent
households and child health outcomes: Findings from the National Survey of
Children’s Health. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics
37: 179–187. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Bos, H. M. W., Sandfort, T. G. M.
(2010) Children’s gender identity in lesbian and heterosexual two-parent
families. Sex Roles 62: 114–126. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Bos, H. M. W., van Balen, F.
(2010) Children of the new reproductive technologies: Social and genetic
parenthood. Patient Education and Counseling 81: 429–435. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Bos, H. M. W., van Balen, F., Sandfort, T. G.
M., & van den Boom, D. C. (2006). Children’s
psychosocial adjustment and gender development in planned lesbian families.
Working paper, Social and Behavioral Sciences Department of Education,
University of Amsterdam. Google Scholar
Bos, H. M. W., van Balen, F., van den Boom, D.
C. (2007) Child adjustment and parenting in planned lesbian-parent
families. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 77: 38–48. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Bos, H. M. W., van Gelderen, L., Gartrell, N.
(2015) Lesbian and heterosexual two-parent families: Adolescent-parent
relationship quality and adolescent well-being. Journal of Child and Family
Studies 24: 1031–1046. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Bowen, D. M. (2014) All that heaven will
allow: A statistical analysis of the coexistence of same-sex marriage and gay
matrimonial bans. Denver University Law Review 91(2): 277–334. Google Scholar, ISI
Brewaeys, A., Ponjaert, I., Van Hall, E. V.,
Golombok, S. (1997) Donor insemination: Child development and family
functioning in lesbian mother families. Human Reproduction
12: 1349–1359. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Brewster, K. L., Tillman, K. H., Jokinen-Gordon,
H. (2014) Demographic characteristics of lesbian parents in the United
States. Population Research and Policy Review 33: 503–526. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Brodzinsky, D. M. (2011) Expanding resources for
children III: Research-based best practices in adoption by gays and
lesbians, New York, NY: Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute. Google Scholar
Brodzinsky, D. M., Green, R. J., Katuzny, K.
(2012) Adoption by lesbians and gay men: What we know, need to know, and
ought to do. In: Brodzinsky, D. M., Pertman, A. (eds) Adoption by lesbians and
gay men: A new dimension in family diversity, New York, NY: Oxford
University Press, pp. 233–253. Google Scholar
Brooks, D., Kim, H., Wind, L. H.
(2012) Supporting gay and lesbian adoptive families before and after
adoption. In: Brodzinsky, D. M., Pertman, A. (eds) Adoption by lesbians and gay
men: A new dimension in family diversity, New York, NY: Oxford
University Press, pp. 150–183. Google Scholar
Brown, R., Perlesz, A. (2007) Not the other
mother: How language constructs lesbian co-parenting relationships. Journal of
GLBT Family Studies 3: 267–308. Google Scholar, Crossref
Brown, S., Smalling, S., Groza, V., Ryan, S.
(2009) The experiences of gay men and lesbians in becoming and being
adoptive parents. Adoption Quarterly 12: 229–246. Google Scholar, Crossref
Buxton, A. P. (1994) The other side of the
closet: The coming-out crisis for straight spouses and families, New York,
NY: Wiley. Google Scholar
Buxton, A. P. (1999) The best interest of
children of gay and lesbian parents. In: Galatzer-Levy, R. M., Kraus, L. (eds)
The scientific basis of child custody decisions, New York, NY: Wiley,
pp. 319–356. Google Scholar
Byrd, A. D. (2011) Homosexual couples and
parenting: What science can and cannot say. Journal of Human Sexuality
3: 4–34. Google Scholar
References
Cameron, P. (1999) Homosexual parents: Testing
“common sense” – A literature review emphasizing the Golombok and Tasker
longitudinal study of lesbians’ children. Psychological Reports
85: 282–322. Google Scholar, Abstract, ISI
Campbell, K. M. (2000). Relationship characteristics,
social support, masculine ideologies, and psychological functioning of gay men
in couples (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). California
School of Professional Psychology, Alameda, CA. Google Scholar
Canning, T. T. (2005) Gay and heterosexual
fathers: A comparative analysis of child behavior and well-being. Dissertation
Abstracts International: Section B. Science and Engineering
66(07): 3995. Google Scholar
Carpenter, C., Gates, G. J. (2008) Gay and
lesbian partnership: Evidence from California. Demography 45: 573–590. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Chan, R. W., Brooks, R. C., Raboy, B., Patterson, C.
J. (1998) Division of labor among lesbian and heterosexual parents:
Associations with children’s adjustment. Journal of Family Psychology
12: 402–419. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Chan, R. W., Raboy, B., Patterson, C. J.
(1998) Psychosocial adjustment among children conceived via donor
insemination by lesbian and heterosexual mothers. Child Development
69: 443–457. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Cheng, S., Powell, B. (2015) Measurement,
methods, and divergent patterns: Reassessing the effects of same-sex parents.
Social Science Research 52: 615–626. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Chrisp, J. (2001) That four letter word – Sons:
Lesbian mothers and adolescent sons. Journal of Lesbian Studies
5: 195–209. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline
Clarke, V., Kitzinger, C., Potter, J.
(2004) ‘Kids are just cruel anyway’: Lesbian and gay parents’ talk about
homophobic bullying. British Journal of Social Psychology
43: 531–550. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Cohen, J. (1988) Statistical power analysis for the
behavioral sciences (2nd
ed.), Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Google Scholar
Cohen, J. (1994) Things I have learned so far.
American Psychologist 45: 1304–1312. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Conley, T. D., Ziegler, A., Moors, A. C., Matsick, J.
L., Valentine, B. (2012) A critical examination of popular assumptions
about the benefits and outcomes of monogamous relationships. Personality and
Social Psychology Review 17: 124–141. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI
Connolly, C. M., Sicola, M. K. (2006) Listening
to lesbian couples: Communication competence in long-term relationships. In:
Bigner, J. J. (ed.) An introduction to GLBT family studies, New York,
NY: Haworth Press, pp. 271–296. Google Scholar
Cooper, L., Cates, P. (2006) Too high a price: The
case against restricting gay parenting, New York, NY: American Civil
Liberties Union Foundation. Google Scholar
Crouch, S. R., McNair, R. P., Waters, E. B., Power, J.
J. (2013) What makes a same-sex parented family?Medical Journal of
Australia 199: 94–96. Google Scholar, Medline, ISI
Crouch, S. R., Waters, E., McNair, R., Power, J.
(2014) The health perspectives of Australian adolescents from same-sex
parented families: A mixed methods study. Child: Care, Health, and Development
41(3): 1–9. Google Scholar, Medline, ISI
Crouch, S. R., Waters, E., McNair, R., Power, J.,
Davis, E. (2014) Parent-reported measures of child health and wellbeing in
same-sex parent families: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health
14(635): 1–12. Google Scholar, Medline, ISI
Crowl, A., Ahn, S., Baker, J. (2008) A
meta-analysis of developmental outcomes for children of same-sex and heterosexual
parents. Journal of GLBT Family Studies 4: 385–407. Google Scholar, Crossref
Dempsey, D. (2013). Same-sex parented families in Australia. [Child
Family Community Australia Paper No. 18]. Melbourne, Australia: Australian
Institute of Family Studies. Google Scholar
Diamond, L. M., Butterworth, M. (2009) The close
relationships of sexual minorities. In: Smith, M. C., DeFrates-Densch, N. (eds)
Handbook of research on adult learning and development, New York,
NY: Routledge, pp. 350–377. Google Scholar
DiLapi, E. M. (1989) Lesbian mothers and the
motherhood hierarchy. Journal of Homosexuality 18: 101–121. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Downing, J., Richardson, H., Kinkler, L., Goldberg, A.
E. (2009) Making the decision: Factors influencing gay men’s choice of an
adoption path. Adoption Quarterly 12: 247–271. Google Scholar, Crossref
Dundas, S., Kaufman, M. (2000) The Toronto lesbian
family study. Journal of Homosexuality 40(2): 65–79. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
England, M. J., Sim, L. J. (2009) Depression in
parents, parenting, and children: Opportunities to improve identification,
treatment, and prevention, Washington, DC: National Academies
Press. Google Scholar
Erich, S., Kanenberg, H., Case, K., Allen, T.,
Bogdanos, T. (2009) An empirical analysis of factors affecting adolescent
attachment in adoptive families with homosexual and straight parents. Children
and Youth Services Review 31: 398–404. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Erich, S., Leung, P. (1998) Factors contributing
to family functioning of adoptive children with special needs: A long term
outcome analysis. Children and Youth Services Review 20: 135–150. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Erich, S., Leung, P. (2002) The impact of
previous type of abuse and sibling adoption upon adoptive families. Child Abuse
& Neglect 26: 1045–1058. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Erich, S., Leung, P., Kindle, P. (2005) A
comparative analysis of adoptive family functioning with gay, lesbian, and
heterosexual parents and their children. Journal of GLBT Family Studies
1: 43–60. Google Scholar, Crossref
Erich, S., Leung, P., Kindle, P., Carter, S.
(2005) Gay and lesbian adoptive families: An exploratory study of family
functioning, adoptive children’s behavior, and familial support networks.
Journal of Family Social Work 9: 17–32. Google Scholar, Crossref
Erwin, T. M. (2007) Two moms and a baby:
Counseling lesbian couples choosing motherhood. Women & Therapy
30: 99–149. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Farr, R. H. (2014). Longitudinal outcomes for children
adopted by lesbian, gay, and heterosexual parents. Paper presented at the
annual conference of the National Council on Family Relations, Baltimore,
Maryland, November 19. Google Scholar
Farr, R. H., Crain, E. E., Oakley, M. K., Cashen, K.
K., Garber, K. J. (2016) Microaggressions, feelings of difference, and
resilience among adopted children with sexual minority parents. Journal of
Youth & Adolescence 45: 85–104. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Farr, R. H., Forssell, S. L., Patterson, C. J.
(2010) Parenting and child development in adoptive families: Does parental
sexual orientation matter? Applied Developmental Science
14: 164–178. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Farr, R. H., Patterson, C. J. (2013a) Coparenting
among lesbian, gay, and heterosexual couples: Associations with adopted
children’s outcomes. Child Development 84: 1226–1240. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Farr, R. H., Patterson, C. J.
(2013b) Lesbian-mother families formed through donor insemination. In:
Goldberg, A. E., Allen, K. R. (eds) LGBT-parent families: Innovations in
research and implications for practice, New York, NY: Springer,
pp. 39–55. Google Scholar, Crossref
Farver, J. A. M., Kim, Y. K., Lee-Shin, Y.
(2000) Within cultural differences: Examining individual differences in
Korean American and European American preschoolers’ social pretend play. Journal
of Cross-Cultural Psychology 31: 583–602. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI
Fedewa, A. L., Black, W. W., Ahn, S.
(2015) Children and adolescents with same-gender parents: A meta-analytic
approach in assessing outcomes. Journal of GLBT Family Studies
11(1): 1–34. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Fedewa, A. L., Clark, T. P. (2009) Parent
practices and home-school partnerships: A differential effect for children with
same-sex coupled parents? Journal of GLBT Family Studies
5: 312–339. Google Scholar, Crossref
Fitzgerald, B. (1999) Children of lesbian and gay
parents: A review of the literature. Marriage and Family Review
29: 57–75. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Flaks, D. K. (1994) Gay and lesbian families:
Judicial assumptions, scientific realities. William & Mary Bill of Rights
Journal 3(1): 345–372. Google Scholar
Flaks, D. K., Ficher, I., Masterpasqua, F., Joseph, G.
(1995) Lesbians choosing motherhood: A comparative study of lesbian and
heterosexual parents and their children. Developmental Psychology
31: 105–114. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Foster, D. (2005) The formation and continuance
of lesbian families in Canada. CBMH 22: 281–297. Google Scholar, Medline
Fomby, P., Bosick, S. J. (2013) Family
instability and the transition to adulthood. Journal of Marriage and Family
75: 1266–1287. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Fomby, P., Sennott, C. A. (2013) Family structure
instability and mobility: The consequences for adolescents’ problem behavior.
Social Science Research 42: 186–201. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Fond, G., Franc, N., Purper-Ouakil, D.
(2012) Homoparentalitie et developpement de l’enfant: Donnees actuelles.
L’Encephale 38: 10–15. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Fulcher, M., Chan, R. W., Raboy, B., Patterson, C. J.
(2002) Contact with grandparents among children conceived via donor
insemination by lesbian and heterosexual mothers. Parenting: Science and
Practice 2: 61–76. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Fulcher, M., Sutfin, E. L., Patterson, C. J.
(2008) Individual differences in gender development: Associations with
parental sexual orientation, attitudes, and division of labor. Sex Roles
58: 330–341. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Gabb, J. (2005) Lesbian m/otherhood: Strategies
of familial-linguistic management in lesbian parent families. Sociology
39: 585–603. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI
Gartrell, N. K. (1999) If this is tuesday, it
must be dee … confessions of a closet polyamorist. Journal of Lesbian Studies
3: 23–33. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline
Gartrell, N., Banks, A., Reed, N., Hamilton, J.,
Rodas, C., Deck, A. (2000) The National Lesbian Family Study: 3.
Interviews with mothers of five-year-olds. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
70: 542–548. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Gartrell, N. K., Bos, H. M. W. (2010) US national
longitudinal lesbian family study: Psychological characteristics of 17-year-old
adolescents. Pediatrics 126(1): 1–9. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Gartrell, N., Bos, H. M. W., Goldberg, N. G.
(2011) Adolescents of the U.S. national longitudinal lesbian family study:
Sexual orientation, sexual behavior, and sexual risk exposure. Archives of
Sexual Behavior 40: 1199–1209. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Gartrell, N., Bos, H., Peyser, H., Deck, A., Rodas, C.
(2011) Family characteristics, custody arrangements, and adolescent
psychological well-being after lesbian mothers break up. Family Relations
60: 572–585. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Gartrell, N., Bos, H. M. W., Peyser, H., Deck, A.,
Rodas, C. (2012) Adolescents with lesbian mothers describe their own
lives. Journal of Homosexuality 59: 1211–1229. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Gartrell, N., Hamilton, J., Banks, A., Mosbacher, D.,
Reed, N., Sparks, C. H., Bishop, H. (1996) The national lesbian family
study: 1. Interviews with Prospective Mothers. American Journal of
Orthopsychiatry 66: 272–281. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Gartrell, N., Rodas, C., Deck, A., Peyser, H., Banks,
A. (2006) The USA national lesbian family study: Interviews with mothers
of 10-year-olds. Feminism & Psychology 16: 175–192. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI
Gates, G. J. (2013) LGBT parenting in the United
States, Los Angeles: The Williams Institute. Google Scholar
Gates, G. J., Sell, R. (2007) Measuring gay and
lesbian couples. In: Hofferth, S. L., Casper, L. M. (eds) Handbook of
measurement issues in family research, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates, pp. 235–244. Google Scholar
Gershon, T. D., Tschann, J. M., Jemerin, J. M.
(1999) Stigmatization, self-esteem, and coping among the adolescent
children of lesbian mothers. Journal of Adolescent Health
24: 437–445. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Goldberg, A. E. (2009) Lesbian, gay, and bisexual
family psychology: A systemic, life-cycle perspective. In: Bray, J. H.,
Stanton, M. (eds) The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of family
psychology, Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 576–587. Google Scholar, Crossref
Goldberg, A. E. (2010) Lesbian and gay parents and
their children: Research on the family life cycle, Washington,
DC: American Psychological Association. Google Scholar, Crossref
Goldberg, J. (2012) The tyranny of clichés: How
liberals cheat I the war of ideas, New York, NY: Penguin. Google Scholar
Goldberg, A. E., Allen, K. R. (2013a) Same-sex
relationship dissolution and LGB stepfamily formation: Perspectives of young
adults with LGB parents. Family Relations 62: 529–544. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Goldberg, A. E., Allen, K. R. (2013b) Conclusion:
Reflections on the volume and visions for the future. In: Goldberg, A. E.,
Allen, K. R. (eds) LGBT-parent families: Innovations in research and
implications for practice, New York, NY: Springer,
pp. 359–365. Google Scholar, Crossref
Goldberg, A. E., Allen, K. R. (2013c) Donor, dad,
or…? Young adults with lesbian parents’ experiences with known donors. Family
Process 52: 338–350. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Goldberg, N. G., Bos, H. M. W., Gartrell, N. K.
(2011) Substance use by adolescents of the USA. National longitudinal
lesbian family study. Journal of Health Psychology 16: 1231–1240. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI
Goldberg, A. E., Downing, J. B., Sauck, C. C.
(2008) Perceptions of children’s parental preferences in lesbian
two-mother households. Journal of Marriage and Family 70: 419–434. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Goldberg, A. E., Kashy, D. A., Smith, J. Z.
(2012) Gender-typed play behavior in early childhood: Adopted children
with lesbian, gay, and heterosexual parents. Sex Roles 67: 503–515. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Goldberg, A. E., Kinkler, L. A., Hines, D. A.
(2011) Perception and internalization of adoption stigma among gay,
lesbian, and heterosexual adoptive parents. Journal of GLBT Family Studies
7: 132–154. Google Scholar, Crossref
Goldberg, A. E., Kinkler, L. A., Richardson, H. B.,
Downing, J. B. (2012) On the border: Young adults with LGBQ parents
navigate LGBTQ communities. Journal of Counseling Psychology
59: 71–85. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Goldberg, A. E., Kuvalanka, K. A. (2012) Marriage
(in) equality: The perspectives of adolescents and emerging adults with
lesbian, gay, and bisexual parents. Journal of Marriage and Family
74: 34–52. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Goldberg, A. E., Moyer, A. M., Kinkler, L. A.
(2013) Lesbian, gay, and heterosexual adoptive parents’ perceptions of
parental bonding during early parenthood. Couple and Family Psychology:
Research and Practice 2: 146–162. Google Scholar, Crossref
Goldberg, A. E., Moyer, A. M., Kinkler, L. A.,
Richardson, H. B. (2012) “When you’re sitting on the fence, hope’s the
hardest part”: Challenges and experiences of heterosexual and same-sex couples
adopting through the child welfare system. Adoption Quarterly
15: 288–315. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline
Goldberg, A. E., Moyer, A. M., Weber, E. R., Shapiro,
J. (2013) What changed when the gay adoption ban was lifted?: Perspectives
of lesbian and gay parents in Florida. Sexuality Research & Social Policy
10: 119–124. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Goldberg, A. E., Perry-Jenkins, M. (2007) The
division of labor and perceptions of parental roles: Lesbian couples across the
transition to parenthood. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships
24: 297–318. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI
Goldberg, A. E., Smith, J. Z. (2013) Predictors
of psychological adjustment in early placed adopted children with lesbian, gay,
and heterosexual parents. Journal of Family Psychology 27: 431–442. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Golombok, S. (2015) Modern families: Parents and
children in new family forms, Cambridge, England: Cambridge
University. Google Scholar, Crossref
Golombok, S., Badger, S. (2010) Children raised
in mother-headed families from infancy: A follow-up of children of lesbian and
single heterosexual mothers, at early adulthood. Human Reproduction
25: 150–157. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Golombok, S., MacCallum, F., Goodman, E., Rutter, M.
(2002) Families with children conceived by donor insemination: A follow-up
at age twelve. Child Development 73: 952–968. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Golombok, S., Mellish, L., Jennings, S., Casey, P.,
Tasker, F., Lamb, M. E. (2014) Adoptive gay father families: Parent-child
relationships and children’s psychological adjustment. Child Development
85: 456–468. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Golombok, S., Perry, B., Burston, A., Murray, C.,
Mooney-Somers, J., Stevens, M., Golding, J. (2003) Children with lesbian
parents: A community study. Developmental Psychology 39: 20–33. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Golombok, S., Spencer, A., Rutter, M.
(1983) Children in lesbian and single-parent households: Psychosexual and
psychiatric appraisal. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
24: 551–572. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Golombok, S., Tasker, F. (1996) Do parents
influence the sexual orientation of their children? Findings from a
longitudinal study of lesbian families. Developmental Psychology
32: 3–11. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Golombok, S., Tasker, F., Murray, C.
(1997) Children raised in fatherless families from infancy: Family
relationships and the socioemotional development of children of lesbian and
single heterosexual mothers. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and
Allied Disciplines 38: 783–791. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Gonsiorek, J. C. (2006) Sexual orientation and
mental health: What the behavioral sciences know about sexual orientation and why
it matters. In: Gonsiorek, J. C. (ed.) Mental disorders of the new millennium:
Biology and function, Westport, CT: Praeger. Google Scholar
Gottman, J. S. (1989) Children of gay and lesbian
parents. Marriage and Family Review 14: 177–196. Google Scholar, Crossref
Granleese, J., Joseph, S. (2001) Reliability of
the harter self-perception profile for children and predictors of global
self-worth. Journal of Genetic Psychology 155: 487–492. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Green, A. I. (2010) Queer unions: Same-sex
spouses marrying tradition and innovation. Canadian Journal of Sociology
35: 399–436. Google Scholar, ISI
Green, R. J., Bettinger, M., Zacks, E. (1996) Are
lesbian couples fused and gay male couples disengaged? Questioning gender
straightjackets. In: Laird, J., Green, R. J. (eds) Lesbians and gays in couples
and families: A handbook for therapists, New York, NY: Jossey-Bass,
pp. 185–230. Google Scholar
Green, F. J., Friedman, M. (2013) Chasing rainbows:
Exploring gender fluid parenting practices, Bradford, Canada: Demeter
Press. Google Scholar
Grohalt, B., Ekeberg, O., Wichstrom, L., Haldorsen, T.
(2005) Suicidal and nonsuicidal adolescents: Different factors contribute
to self-esteem. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 35: 525–535. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Harder, B. M. Shehan, C. L. Lesbian
relationships. The Wiley Blackwell encyclopedia of family
studies. 2016Vol. 3, Malden, MA: Wiley,
pp. 1292–1297. Google Scholar, Crossref
Harris, M. B., Turner, P. H. (1986) Gay and
lesbian parents. Journal of Homosexuality 12: 101–113. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Hartz, C. L. (2010) Arkansas’s unmarried couple
adoption ban: Depriving children of families. Arkansas Law Review
63: 113–138. Google Scholar
Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Birkett, M., van Wangenen, A.,
Meyer, I. H. (2014) Protective school climates and reduced risk for
suicide ideation in sexual minority youths. American Journal of Public Health
104: 279–286. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Jun, H. J., Corliss, H. L.,
Austin, S. B. (2014) Structural stigma and cigarette smoking in a
prospective cohort study of sexual minority and heterosexual youth. Annals of
Behavioral Medicine 47: 48–56. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Hawkins, S. A. (2011). Family relationships and adolescent
behavior: A look at families headed by heterosexual, lesbian, and gay parents (Unpublished
doctoral dissertation). The Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA. Google Scholar
Hays, D., Samuels, A. (1989) Heterosexual women’s
perceptions of their marriages to bisexual or homosexual men. Journal of
Homosexuality 18: 81–100. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Heaton, T. B. (1990) Marital stability throughout
the child-rearing years. Demography 27: 55–63. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Hellen, K. A. (1999). Maternal attitudes and their influence on the
creativity level of preschool children. (Unpublished master’s
thesis). West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV. Google Scholar
Henehan, D., Rothblum, E. D., Solomon, S. E., Balsam,
K. F. (2007) Social and demographic characteristics of gay, lesbian, and
heterosexual adults with and without children. Journal of GLBT Family Studies
3: 35–79. Google Scholar, Crossref
Hequembourg, A. (2004) Unscripted motherhood:
Lesbian mothers negotiating incompletely institutionalized family
relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships
21: 739–762. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI
Hequembourg, A. (2007) Lesbian motherhood: Stories of
becoming, New York, NY: Harrington Park Press. Google Scholar
Herek, G. M. (1991) Myths about sexual
orientation: A lawyer’s guide to social science research. Law & Sexuality
1: 133–172. Google Scholar
Herek, G. M. (2006) Legal recognition of same-sex
relationships in the United States: A social science perspective. American
Psychologist 61: 607–621. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Herek, G. M. (2014) Evaluating the methodology of
social science research on sexual orientation and parenting: A tale of three
studies. University of California-Davis Law Review 48: 583–622. Google Scholar
Herek, G. M., McLemore, K. A. (2013) Sexual
prejudice. Annual Review of Psychology 64: 309–333. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Herek, G. M., Norton, A. T., Allen, T. J., Sims, C. L.
(2010) Demographic, psychological, and social characteristics of
self-identified lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in a US probability sample.
Sexuality Research and Social Policy 7: 176–200. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Hetherington, E. M., Stanley-Hagan, M.
(2000) Diversity among stepfamilies. In: Demo, D. H., Allen, K. R., Fine,
M. A. (eds) Handbook of family diversity, New York, NY: Oxford
University Press, pp. 173–196. Google Scholar
Hicks, S. (2005) I gay parenting bad for kids?
Responding to the ‘very idea of difference’ in research on lesbian and gay
parents. Sexualities 8: 158–168. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals
Hicks, S. (2013) Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and
transgender parents and the question of gender. In: Goldberg, A. E., Allen, K.
R. (eds) LGBT-parent families: Innovations in research and implications for
practice, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 149–162. Google Scholar, Crossref
Holtzman, M. (2013) GLBT parents’ rights during
custody decision making: The influence of doctrine, statute, and societal
factors in the United States. Journal of GLBT Family Studies
9: 364–392. Google Scholar, Crossref
Huggins, S. L. (1989) A comparative study of
self-esteem of adolescent children of divorced lesbian mothers and divorced
heterosexual mothers. In: Bozett, F. (ed.) Homosexuality and the
family, New York, NY: Harrington Park, pp. 123–135. Google Scholar, Crossref
Javaid, G. A. (1993) The children of homosexual
and heterosexual single mothers. Child Psychiatry and Human Development
23: 235–248. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISΙ
Jennings, S., Mellish, L., Tasker, F., Lamb, M.,
Golombok, S. (2014) Why adoption? Gay, lesbian, and heterosexual adoptive
parents’ reproductive experiences and reasons for adoption. Adoption Quarterly
17: 205–226. Google Scholar, Crossref
Johnson, S. E. (1991) Staying power: Long term lesbian
couples, Tallahassee, FL: Naiad Press. Google Scholar
Jones, B., Jarvis, P., Lewis, J. A., Ebbutt, A. F.
(1996) Trials to assess equivalence: The importance of rigorous methods.
British Medical Journal 313: 36–39. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline
Joos, K. E., Broad, K. L. (2007) Coming out of
the family closet: Stories of adult women with LGBTQ parent(s). Qualitative
Sociology 30: 275–295. Google Scholar, Crossref
Julien, D., Jouvin, E., Jodoin, E., l’Archeveque, A.,
Chartrand, E. (2008) Adjustment among mothers reporting same-gender sexual
partners: A study of a representative population sample from Quebec Province
(Canada). Archives of Sexual Behavior 37: 864–876. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Kalmijn, M., Loeve, A., Manting, D. (2007) Income
dynamics in couples and the dissolution of marriage and cohabitation.
Demography 44: 159–179. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Karney, B. R., Bradbury, T. N. (1995) The
longitudinal course of marital quality and stability: A review of theory,
methods, and research. Psychological Bulletin 118: 3–34. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Karney, B. R., Crown, J. S. (2011) Does
deployment keep military marriages together or break them apart? Evidence from
Afghanistan and Iraq. In: Wadsworth, S. M., Riggs, D. (eds) Risk and resilience
in U.S. military families, New York, NY: Springer Science + Business
Media, pp. 23–45. Google Scholar, Crossref
Kindle, P. A., Erich, S. (2005) Perceptions of
social support among heterosexual and homosexual adopters. Families in Society
86: 541–546. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI
King, M. B., Pattison, P. (1991) Homosexuality
and parenthood. British Medical Journal 303: 295–297. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline
Kirkpatrick, M., Smith, C., Roy, R.
(1981) Lesbian mothers and their children: A comparative survey. American
Journal of Orthopsychiatry 51(3): 545–551. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Kunin, J. D. (1998) Predictors of psychosocial
and behavioral adjustment of children: A study comparing children raised by
lesbian parents to children raised by heterosexual parents. Dissertation
Abstracts International: Section B. Science and Engineering
59(06): 3094. Google Scholar
Kurdek, L. A. (1998) Relationship outcomes and
their predictors: Longitudinal evidence from heterosexual married, gay
cohabiting, and lesbian cohabiting couples. Journal of Marriage and the Family
60: 553–568. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Kurdek, L. A. (2004) Are gay and lesbian
cohabiting couples really different
from heterosexual married couples? Journal of Marriage and Family
66: 880–900. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Kurdek, L. A. (2005) What do we know about gay
and lesbian couples? Current Directions in Psychological Science
14: 251–254. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI
Kurdek, L. A. (2006a) The nature and correlates
of deterrents to leaving a relationship. Personal Relationships
13: 521–535. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Kurdek, L. A. (2006b) Differences between
partners from heterosexual, gay, and lesbian cohabiting couples. Journal of
Marriage and the Family 68: 509–528. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Kuvalanka, K. A. (2013) The ‘second generation’:
LGBTQ youth with LGBTQ parents. In: Goldberg, A. E., Allen, K. R. (eds)
LGBT-parent families: Innovations in research and implications for
practice, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 163–175. Google Scholar, Crossref
Kuvalanka, K. A., Goldberg, A. E. (2009) ‘Second
generation’ voices: Queer youth with lesbian/bisexual mothers. Journal of Youth
and Adolescence 38: 904–919. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Kweskin, S. L., Cook, A. S. (1982) Heterosexual
and homosexual mothers’ self-described sex-role behavior and ideal sex-role
behavior in children. Sex Roles 8: 967–975. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Lamb, M. E. (2012) Mothers, fathers, families,
and circumstances: Factors affecting children’s adjustment. Applied
Developmental Science 16: 98–111. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Lansford, J. E. (2009) Parental divorce and
children’s adjustment. Perspectives on Psychological Science
4: 140–152. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI
LaSala, M. C. (2004) Monogamy of the heart:
Extradyadic sex and gay male couples. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social
Services 17(3): 1–24. Google Scholar, Crossref
Lau, C. Q. (2012) The stability of same-sex
cohabitation, different-sex cohabitation, and marriage. Journal of Marriage and
the Family 74: 973–988. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Lavner, J. A., Waterman, J., Peplau, L. A. (2012) Can
gay and lesbian parents promote healthy development in high-risk children
adopted from foster care? American Journal of Ortho-Psychiatry
82: 465–472. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Leeman, R. F., Hoff, R. A., Kirshnan-Sarin, S.,
Patock-Peckham, J. A., Potenza, M. N. (2013) Impulsivity,
sensation-seeking, and part-time job status in relation to substance use and
gambling in adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health 1: 7. Google Scholar
Lehrer, E. L. (2008) Age at marriage and marital
instability: Revisiting the Becker-Landes-Michael hypothesis. Journal of
Population Economics 21: 463–484. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Leung, P., Erich, S. (2002) Family functioning of
adoptive children with special needs: Implications of familial supports and
child characteristics. Children and Youth Services Review
24: 799–816. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Leung, P., Erich, S., Kanenberg, H. (2005) A
comparison of family functioning in gay/lesbian, heterosexual, and special
needs adoptions. Children and Youth Services Review 27: 1031–1044. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Lev, A. I. (2010) How queer! – The development of
gender identity and sexual orientation in LGBTQ-headed families. Family Process
49: 268–290. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Lick, D. J., Tornello, S. L., Riskind, R. G., Schmidt,
K. M., Patterson, C. J. (2012) Social climate for sexual minorities
predicts well-being among heterosexual offspring of lesbian and gay parents.
Sexuality Research and Social Policy 9: 99–112. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Lin, T. E. (1999) Social norms and judicial
decision-making: Examining the role of narratives in same-sex adoption cases.
Columbia Law Review 99: 739–794. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Lillard, L. A., Waite, L. J. (1993) A joint model
of marital childbearing and marital disruption. Demography
30: 653–681. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Logue, A. W. (2000) Self-control and health
behavior. In: Bickel, W. K., Vuchinich, R. E. (eds) Reframing health behavior
change with behavioral economics, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates, Publishers, pp. 167–192. Google Scholar
Lubbe, C. (2007) Mothers, fathers, or parents:
Same-gendered families in South Africa. South African Journal of Psychology
37: 260–283. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI
Lytle, M. C., Foley, P. F., Aster, A. M.
(2013) Adult children of gay and lesbian parents: Religion and the
parent-child relationship. The Counseling Psychologist 41: 530–567. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI
MacCallum, F., Golombok, S. (2004) Children
raised in fatherless families from infancy: A follow-up of children of lesbian
and single heterosexual mothers at early adolescence. Journal of Child
Psychology and Psychiatry 45: 1407–1419. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Manning, W. D., Fettro, M. N., Lamidi, E.
(2014) Child well-being in same-sex parented families: Review of research
prepared for American Sociological Association Amicus Brief. Population
Research and Policy Review 33: 485–502. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Manzi, J. (2012) Uncontrolled: The surprising payoff
of trial-and-error for business, politics, and society, New York,
NY: Basic Books. Google Scholar
Markey, K. (1998) An overview of the legal
challenges faced by gay and lesbian parents: how courts treat the growing
number of gay families. New York Law School Journal of Human Rights
14: 721–755. Google Scholar
Marks, L. (2012) Same-sex parenting and children’s
outcomes: A closer examination of the American Psychological Association’s
brief on lesbian and gay parenting. Social Science Research
41: 735–751. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Matthews, A. K., Tartaro, J., Hughes, T. L.
(2003) A comparative study of lesbian and heterosexual women in committed
relationships. Journal of Lesbian Studies 7: 101–114. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline
McCloskey, L. A., Bailey, J. A. (2000) The
intergenerational transmission of risk for child sexual abuse. Journal of
Interpersonal Violence 15: 1019–1035. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI
Means-Christensen, A. J., Snyder, D. K., Negy, C.
(2003) Assessing nontraditional couples: Validity of the Marital
Satisfaction Inventory-Revised with gay, lesbian, and cohabiting heterosexual
couples. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 29: 69–83. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Meldrum, R. C., Barnes, J. C., & Hay, C. (2015).
Sleep deprivation, low self-control, and delinquency: A test of the strength
model of self-control. Journal
of Youth and Adolescence, 44,
465–477. Google Scholar
Mendez, N. (2009) Lesbian families. In: Loue, S.
(ed.) Sexualities and identities of minority women, New York,
NY: Springer Science + Business Media, LLC, pp. 91–104. Google Scholar
Meyer, I. H., Wilson, P. A. (2009) Sampling
lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations. Journal of Counseling Psychology
56: 23–31. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Micucci, J. A. (2010). Claiming a place at the family
table: Gay and lesbian families in the 21st century. [Book review of A. E.
Goldberg, Lesbian
and gay parents and their children: Research on the family life cycle.
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association]. PsycCRITIQUES, 55, 7,
article 1. Google Scholar
Millbank, J. (2003) From here to maternity: A
review of the research on lesbian and gay families. Australian Journal of
Social Issues 38: 541–600. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Miller, J. A., Mucklow, B. M., Jacobsen, R. B.,
Bigner, J. J. (1980) Comparison of family relationships: Homosexual versus
heterosexual women. Psychological Reports 46: 1127–1132. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI
Miller, C. L., & Price, J. (2014). The number of
children being raised by gay or lesbian parents. Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=2497095. Google Scholar
Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., Peake, P. K. (1988) The
nature of adolescent competencies predicted by preschool delay of
gratification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
54: 687–696. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson,
N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., Caspi, A. (2011) A gradient of
childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. PNAS
108: 2693–2698. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Monte, W. (2013) Where the Holy See and science
agree: Children do best in stable natural family. Ave Maria International Law
Journal 2: 217–250. Google Scholar
Murray, C. (2004) Same-sex families: Outcomes for
children and parents. Family Law 34: 136–139. Google Scholar
Murray, P. D., McClintock, K. (2005) Children of
the closet: A measurement of the anxiety and self-esteem of children raised by
a non-disclosed homosexual or bisexual parent. Journal of Homosexuality
49: 77–95. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Nazarinia Roy, R., Schumm, W. R., Britt, S. L. (2014)
Transition to parenthood, New York, NY: Springer. Google Scholar, Crossref
Nichols, M. (1990) Lesbian relationships:
Implications for the study of sexuality and gender. In: McWhirter, D. P.,
Sanders, S. A., Reinisch, J. M. (eds) Homosexuality/heterosexuality: Concepts
of sexual orientation, New York, NY: Oxford University Press,
pp. 350–386. Google Scholar
Nock, S. L. (2001). Sworn affidavit of Stephen Lowell
Nock. Ontario Superior Court of Justice. Between Hedy Halpern et al. and
the Attorney General of Canada et al.: Court File No. 684/00. Google Scholar
Norton, A. T., Herek, G. M. (2013) Heterosexuals’
attitudes toward transgender people: Findings from a national probability
sample of U.S. adults. Sex Roles 68: 738–753. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
O’Donnell, K. (1999) Lesbian and gay families:
Legal perspectives. In: Jagger, G., Wright, C. (eds) Changing family
values, New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 77–97. Google Scholar
Oswald, R. F., Goldberg, A. E., Kuvalanka, K.,
Clausell, E. (2008) Structural and moral commitment among same-sex
couples: Relationship duration, religiosity, and parental status. Journal of
Family Psychology 22: 411–419. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Parks, C. A., Humphreys, N. A. (2006) Lesbian
relationships and families. In: Morrow, D. F., Messinger, L. (eds) Sexual
orientation and gender expression in social work practice, New York,
NY: Columbia University Press, pp. 216–242. Google Scholar
Patterson, C. J. American Psychological Association
(2005) Lesbian and gay parents and their children: Summary of research
findings. Lesbian & gay parenting, Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association, pp. 5–22. Google Scholar
Patterson, C. J. (2009a) Children of lesbian and
gay parents: Psychology, law, and policy. American Psychologist
64: 727–736. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Patterson, C. J. (2009b) Lesbian and gay parents
and their children: A social science perspective. In: Hope, D. A. (ed.)
Contemporary perspectives on lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities: Nebraska
Symposium on Motivation, New York, NY: Springer Science and Business
Media, pp. 141–182. Google Scholar, Crossref
Patterson, C. J. (2013a) Children of lesbian and
gay parents: Psychology, law, and policy. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and
Gender Diversity 1(S): 27–34. Google Scholar, Crossref
Patterson, C. J. (2013b) Family lives of lesbian
and gay adults. In: Peterson, G. W., Bush, K. R. (eds) Handbook of marriage and
the family, New York, NY: Springer Science + Business
Media, pp. 659–681. Google Scholar, Crossref
Patterson, C. J., Redding, R. E. (1996) Lesbian
and gay families with children: Implications of social science research for
policy. Journal of Social Issues 52: 29–50. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Patterson, C. J., Sutfin, E. L., Fulcher, M.
(2004) Division of labor among lesbian and heterosexual parenting couples:
Correlates of specialized versus shared patterns. Journal of Adult Development
11: 179–189. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Pennings, G. (2011) Evaluating the welfare of the
child in same-sex families. Human Reproduction 26: 1609–1615. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Peplau, L. A., Cochran, S. D. (1990) A
relationship perspective on homosexuality. In: McWhirter, D. P., Sanders, S.
A., Reinisch, J. M. (eds) Homosexuality/heterosexuality: Concepts of sexual
orientation, New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 321–349. Google Scholar
Peplau, L. A., Fingerhut, A. W. (2007) The close
relationships of lesbians and gay men. Annual Review of Psychology
58: 405–424. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Peplau, L. A., Fingerhut, A., Beals, K. P.
(2004) Sexuality in the relationships of lesbians and gay men. In: Harvey,
J. H., Wenzel, A., Sprecher, S. (eds) The handbook of sexuality in close
relationships, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 349–369. Google Scholar
Perrin, E. C. (2002) Technical report: Coparent
or second-parent adoption by same-sex parents. Pediatrics
109: 341–344. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Perrin, A. J., Cohen, P. N., Caren, N.
(2013) Responding to the Regnerus study: Are children of parents who had
same-sex relationships disadvantaged? A scientific evaluation of the
no-differences hypothesis. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health
17: 327–336. Google Scholar, Crossref
Perrin, E. C., Kulkin, H. (1996) Pediatric care
for children whose parents are gay or lesbian. Pediatrics
97: 629–635. Google Scholar, Medline, ISI
Perrin, E. C., Siegel, B. S., Dobbins, M. I., Lavin,
A., Mattson, G., Pascoe, J., Yogman, M. (2013) Technical report: Promoting
the well-being of children whose parents are gay or lesbian. Pediatrics
131(4): e1374. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Ploderl, M., Fartacek, R. (2009) Childhood gender
nonconformity and harassment as predictors of suicidality among gay, lesbian,
bisexual, and heterosexual Austrians. Archives of Sexual Behavior
38: 400–410. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Pommier, J. H., Witt, P. A. (1995) Evaluation of
an Outward Bound school plus family training for the juvenile status offender.
Therapeutic Recreation Journal 29: 86–103. Google Scholar
Potter, D. (2012) Same-sex parent families and
children’s academic achievement. Journal of Marriage and Family
74: 556–571. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Power, J. J., Perlesz, A., Schofield, M. J., Pitts, M.
K., Brown, R., McNair, R., Bickerdike, A. (2010) Understanding resilience
in same-sex parented families: The work, love, play study. BMC Public Health
10(115): 1–10. Google Scholar, Medline, ISI
Puryear, D. (1983) A comparison of children of
lesbian and single parent heterosexual mothers on three measures of
socialization (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The California School of
Professional Psychology, Berkeley, CA. Dissertation Abstracts International
40(07): 3418B–3419B. Google Scholar
Raley, J. A. (2010) Factors to explore in doing
child custody evaluations involving gay and lesbian parents. Journal of Child
Custody 7: 176–191. Google Scholar, Crossref
Raley, J. A. (2013) Adolescents with same sex
parents: Does it make a difference? Adolescent Psychiatry
3: 329–334. Google Scholar, Crossref
Ray, D. W. (2009) The God virus: How religion infects
our lives and culture, Bonner Springs, KS: IPC Press. Google Scholar
Reczek, C., Umberson, D. (2012) Gender, health
behavior, and intimate relationships: Lesbian, gay, and straight contexts.
Social Science & Medicine 74: 1783–1790. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Redding, R. E. (2001) Sociopolitical diversity in
psychology: The case for pluralism. American Psychologist
56: 205–215. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Redding, R. E. (2008) It’s really about sex:
Same-sex marriage, lesbigay parenting, and the psychology of disgust. Duke
Journal of Gender Law & Policy 15: 127–193. Google Scholar
Redding, R. E. (2013b). Scientific groupthink and gay
parenting. The
American Magazine. Retrieved from https://www.aei.org/publication/scientific-groupthink-and-gay-parenting/publication. Google Scholar
Reed, R. (2013) Are the kids alright? Rawls,
adoption, and gay parents. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice
16: 969–982. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Rees, R. (1980). A comparison of children of lesbian and single
heterosexual mothers on three measures of socialization (Unpublished
doctoral dissertation). California School of Professional Psychology, Berkeley,
CA. Google Scholar
Regnerus, M. (2012a) How different are the adult
children of parents who have same-sex relationships? Findings from the New
Family Structures Study. Social Science Research 41: 752–770. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Regnerus, M. (2012b) Parental same-sex
relationships, family instability, and subsequent life outcomes for adult
children: Answering critics of the new family structures study with additional
analyses. Social Science Research 41: 1367–1377. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Regnerus, M. (2012c) Response to Paul Amato,
David Eggebeen, and Cynthis Osborne. Social Science Research
41: 786–787. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Reiss, I. L. (2014) Exploring the relation of
values, power, and advocacy in American sexual science. International Journal
of Sexual Health 26(1): 1–12. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Richardson, H. B., Moyer, A. M., Goldberg, A. E.
(2012) ‘You try to be superman and you don’t have to be’: Gay adoptive
fathers’ challenges and tensions in balancing work and family. Fathering
10: 314–336. Google Scholar, Crossref
Riggs, D. W. (2006) Developmentalism and the
rhetoric of Best
Interests of the Child: Challenging heteronormative constructions
of families and parenting in foster care. Journal of GLBT Family Studies
2: 57–73. Google Scholar, Crossref
Riggs, D. W. (2008) Lesbian mothers, gay sperm
donors, and community: Ensuring the well-being of children and families. Health
Sociology Review 17: 226–234. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Riggs, D. W., McLaren, S., Mayes, A. S.
(2009) Attitudes toward parenting in a lesbian and gay community
convenience sample. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health
13: 51–61. Google Scholar, Crossref
Riggs, A. D., Rosenthal, A. R., Smith-Bonahue, T.
(2011) The impact of a combined cognitive-affective intervention on
pre-service teachers’ attitudes, knowledge, and anticipated professional
behaviors regarding homosexuality and gay and lesbian issues. Teaching and
Teacher Education 27: 201–209. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Riley, M. (1975) The avowed lesbian mother and
her right to child custody: A constitutional challenge that can no longer be
denied. San Diego Law Review 12: 799–864. Google Scholar
Ritenhouse, D. (2011) What’s orientation got to
do with it? The best interest of the child standard and legal bias against gay
and lesbian parents. Journal of Poverty 15: 309–329. Google Scholar, Crossref
Rith, K. A., Diamond, L. M. (2013) Same-sex
relationships. In: Fine, M. A., Fincham, F. D. (eds) Handbook of family
theories: A content-based approach, New York, NY: Routledge (Taylor
& Francis Group), pp. 123–144. Google Scholar
Ritter, M. J. (2010) Perry v. Schwarzenegger:
Trying same-sex marriage. The Scholar 13: 363–393. Google Scholar
Rivers, I., Poteat, V. P., Noret, N.
(2008) Victimization, social support, and psychosocial functioning among
children of same-sex and opposite-sex couples in the United Kingdom.
Developmental Psychology 44: 127–134. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Roberts, A. L., Glymour, M. M., Koenen, K. C.
(2013) Does maltreatment in childhood affect sexual orientation in
adulthood? Archives of Sexual Behavior 42: 161–171. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Rodriques, A. E., Hall, J. H., Fincham, F. D.
(2006) What predicts divorce and relationship dissolution? In: Fine,
M. A., Harvey, J. H. (eds) Handbook of divorce and relationship
dissolution, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,
pp. 85–112. Google Scholar
Rogers, J. L., Howard, K. I., Vessey, J. T.
(1993) Using significance tests to evaluate equivalence between two
experimental groups. Psychological Bulletin 113: 553–565. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Rohrbaugh, J. B. (1992) Lesbian families:
Clinical issues and theoretical implications. Professional Psychology: Research
and Practice 23: 467–473. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Ronner, A. D. (2010) When courts let insane
delusions pass the rational basis test: The newest challenge to Florida’s
exclusion of homosexuals from adoption. University of Florida Journal of Law
and Public Policy 21(1): 1–85. Google Scholar
Rose, E., Hands, E., Larkin, D. (2012) Reliability
and validity of the self-perception profile for adolescents: An Australian
sample. Australian Journal of Psychology 64: 92–99. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Rosenfeld, M. J. (2010) Nontraditional families
and childhood progress through school. Demography 47: 755–775. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Rosenfeld, M. J. (2013) Reply to Allen
et al. Demography 50: 963–969. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Rosenfeld, M. J. (2014) Couple longevity in the
era of same-sex marriage in the United States. Journal of Marriage and Family
76: 905–918. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Rosenfeld, M. J. (2015) Revisiting the data from
the New Family Structure Study: Taking family instability into account.
Sociological Science 2: 478–501. Google Scholar, Crossref
Rosenfeld, M. J., Thomas, R. J. (2012) Searching
for a mate: The rise of the internet as a social intermediary. American
Sociological Review 77: 523–547. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI
Rosnow, R. L., Rosenthal, R. (1996) Computing
contrasts, effect sizes, and counternulls on other people’s published data:
General procedures for research consumers. Psychological Methods
1: 331–340. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Ross, L. E., Dobinson, C. (2013) Where is the “B”
in LGBT parenting? A call for research on bisexual parenting. In: Goldberg, A.
E., Allen, K. R. (eds) LGBT-parent families: Innovations in research and
implications for practice, New York, NY: Springer,
pp. 87–103. Google Scholar, Crossref
Rothblum, E. D. (2009) An overview of same-sex
couples in relation ships: A research area still at sea. In: Hope, D. A. (ed.)
Contemporary perspectives on lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities, New
York, NY: Springer Science + Business Media, pp. 113–139. Google Scholar, Crossref
Rothblum, E. D., Balsam, K. F., Mickey, R. M.
(2004) Brothers and sisters of lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals as a
demographic comparison group. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science
40: 283–301. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals
Rothblum, E. D., Balsam, K. F., Solomon, S. E.
(2008) Comparison of same-sex couples who were married in Massachusetts,
had domestic partnerships in California, or had civil unions in Vermont.
Journal of Family Issues 29: 48–78. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI
Rothblum, E. D., Balsam, K. F., Solomon, S. E.,
Factor, R. J. (2006) Siblings and sexual orientation: Products of
alternative families or the ones who got away? In: Bigner, J. J. (ed.) An
introduction to GLBT family studies, New York, NY: Haworth Press,
pp. 117–133. Google Scholar
Rouse, L. P. (2002) Marital and sexual lifestyles in
the United States: Attitudes, behaviors, and relationships in social
context, New York, NY: Haworth Clinical Practice Press. Google Scholar
Rucker, D. D., Preacher, K. J., Tormala, Z. L., Petty,
R. E. (2011) Mediation analysis in social psychology: Current practices
and new recommendations. Social and Personality Psychology Compass
5: 359–371. Google Scholar, Crossref
Rudasill, K. M., Callahan, C. M.
(2008) Psychometric characteristics of the harter self-perception profiles
for adolescents and children for use with gifted populations. The Gifted Child
Quarterly 52: 70–86. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI
Ruspini, E. (2016) Gay men as parents. In:
Shehan, C. L. (ed.) The Wiley Blackwell encyclopedia of family studies Vol.
2, Malden, MA: Wiley, pp. 893–896. Google Scholar, Crossref
Ryan, S. (2007) Parent-child interaction styles
between gay and lesbian parents and their adopted children. Journal of GLBT
Family Studies 3: 105–132. Google Scholar, Crossref
Ryan, S., Brown, S. (2012) Gay and lesbian
adoptive parents: Stressors and strengths. In: Brodzinsky, D. M., Pertman, A.
(eds) Adoption by lesbians and gay men: A new dimension in family
diversity, New York, NY: Oxford University Press,
pp. 184–203. Google Scholar
Ryan, S., Cash, S. (2004) Adoptive families
headed by gay or lesbian parents: A threat… or hidden resource?University of
Florida Journal of Law and Public Policy 15: 443–466. Google Scholar
Ryan, S., Whitlock, C. (2007) Becoming parents:
Lesbian mothers’ adoption experience. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social
Services 19(2): 1–23. Google Scholar, Crossref
Rye, B. J., Meaney, G. J. (2010) Self-defense,
sexism, and etiological beliefs: Predictors of attitudes toward gay and lesbian
adoption. Journal of GLBT Family Studies 6(1): 1–24. Google Scholar, Crossref
Sarantakos, S. (1996a) Children in three
contexts: Family, education, and social development. Children Australia
21: 23–31. Google Scholar, Crossref
Sarantakos, S. (1996b) Same-sex couples: Problems
and prospects. Journal of Family Studies 2: 147–163. Google Scholar, Crossref
Sarantakos, S. (1998) Sex and power in same-sex
couples. Australian Journal of Social Issues 33: 17–36. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Savin-Williams, R. C., Esterberg, K. G.
(2000) Lesbian, gay, and bisexual families. In: Demo, D. H., Allen, K. R.,
Fine, M. A. (eds) Handbook of Family Diversity, New York, NY: Oxford
University Press, pp. 197–215. Google Scholar
Schlatter, E., Steinback, R. (2013) 10 myths about gay
men and lesbians: Dissecting the claims used by the hard-line religious right
to demonize the LGBT community, Montgomery, AL: Southern Poverty Law
Center. Google Scholar
Schumm, W. R. (2000) Psychology of the scientist:
LXXXIII – An assessment of Herek’s critique of the Cameron group’s survey
studies. Psychological Reports 87: 1123–1132. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI
Schumm, W. R. (2004a) What was really learned
from Tasker and Golombok’s (1995) study of lesbian and single parent
mothers? Psychological Reports 94: 422–424. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI
Schumm, W. R. (2004b) Differential risk theory as
a subset of social exchange theory: Implications for making gay marriage
culturally normative and for understanding stigma against homosexuals.
Psychological Reports 94: 208–210. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI
Schumm, W. R. (2005) Empirical and theoretical
perspectives from social science on gay marriage and child custody issues. St.
Thomas Law Review 18: 425–475. Google Scholar
Schumm, W. R. (2008) Re-evaluation of the “no
differences” hypothesis concerning gay and lesbian parenting as assessed in
eight early (1979–1986) and four later (1997–1998) dissertations. Psychological
Reports 103: 275–304. Google Scholar, Abstract, ISI
Schumm, W. R. (2010a) Statistical requirements
for properly investigating a null hypothesis. Psychological Reports
107: 953–971. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI
Schumm, W. R. (2010b) Children of homosexuals
more apt to be homosexuals? A reply to Morrison and to Cameron based on an
examination of multiple sources of data. Journal of Biosocial Science 42: 721–742. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Schumm, W. R. (2010c) How science is done.
Marriage and Family Review 46: 323–326. Google Scholar, Crossref
Schumm, W. R. (2010d) Comparative relationship
stability of lesbian mother and heterosexual mother families: A review of
evidence. Marriage and Family Review 46: 499–509. Google Scholar, Crossref
Schumm, W. R. (2010e) Evidence of pro-homosexual
bias in social science: Citation rates and research on lesbian parenting.
Psychological Reports 106: 374–380. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI
Schumm, W. R. (2010f) ‘Adult attachment style
dimensions in women who have gay or bisexual fathers’: Response to Sirota.
Archives of Psychiatric Nursing 24: 371–372. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Schumm, W. R. (2011a) Child outcomes associated
with lesbian parenting: Comments on Biblarz and Stacey’s 2010 report. Journal
of Human Sexuality 3: 35–80. Google Scholar
Schumm, W. R. (2011b) Are two lesbian parents
better than a mom and a dad? Logical and methodological flaws in recent studies
affirming the superiority of lesbian parenthood. Ave Maria Law Review
10: 79–120. Google Scholar
Schumm, W. R. (2011c) Child outcomes associated
with lesbian parenting: comments on Biblarz and Stacey’s (2010) report. Journal
of Human Sexuality 3: 35–80. Google Scholar
Schumm, W. R. (2012a) Re-examining a landmark
research study: A teaching editorial. Marriage and Family Review
48: 465–489. Google Scholar, Crossref
Schumm, W. R. (2012b) Methodological decisions
and the evaluation of possible effects of different family structures on
children: The New Family Structures Survey (NFSS). Social Science Research
41: 1357–1366. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Schumm, W. R. (2012c) Lessons for the “devilish
statistical obfuscator” or how to argue for a null hypothesis: A guide for
students, attorneys, and other professionals. Innovative Teaching
1(2): 1–13. Google Scholar
Schumm, W. R. (2013) The intergenerational
transfer of parental sexual orientation and other “myths”. International
Journal for the Jurisprudence of the Family 4: 267–434. Google Scholar
Schumm, W. R. (2014) Challenges in predicting
child outcomes from different family structures. Comprehensive Psychology
3: 10. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals
Schumm, W. R. (2015a) Navigating treacherous
waters – One researcher’s 40 years of experience with controversial scientific
research. Comprehensive Psychology 4(24): 1–40. Google Scholar
Schumm, W. R. (2015b) Sarantakos’s research on
same-sex parenting in Australia and New Zealand: Importance, substance, and
corroboration with research from the United States. Comprehensive Psychology
4(16): 1–29. Google Scholar
Schumm, W. R. (2016) A conservative’s view from
the academic trenches: Reply to Duarte, Crawford, Stern, Haidt, Jussim, and
Tetlock (2015). Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 6: 149–166. Google Scholar, Crossref
Schumm, W. R., Akagi, C. A., Bosch, K. R.
(2008) Relationship satisfaction for heterosexual women compared to
lesbians and men in a sample of faith communities from Topeka, Kansas.
Psychological Reports 102: 377–388. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI
Schumm, W. R., Bosch, K. R., Doolittle, A.
(2009) Explaining the importance of statistical variance for undergraduate
students. Psychology and Education – An Interdisciplinary Journal
46(3/4): 1–7. Google Scholar
Schumm, W. R., Crawford, D. W. (2015) Violations
of fairness in social science research: The case of same-sex marriage and parenting.
International Journal of Jurisprudence of the Family 6: 67–113. Google Scholar
Schumm, W. R., Landess, M., & Williams, G.
(2014). Assessing
outcomes of same-sex parenting. Paper presented at the Theory
Construction and Research Methodology Workshop, National Council on Family
Relations, Baltimore, Maryland, November 18. Google Scholar
Schumm, W. R., Seay, M., McClish, K., Clark, K.,
Asiri, A., Abdullah, N., Huang, S. (2016) Assessing the history of
exaggerated estimates of the number of children being raised by same-sex
parents as reported in both legal and social science journals. BYU Journal of
Public Law 30: 277–301. Google Scholar
Schwartz, J. (1986). An exploration of personality traits in daughters of
lesbian mothers (Doctoral dissertation). California School of
Professional Psychology, San Diego, CA. Google Scholar
Shapiro, J. (1996) Custody and conduct: How the
law fails lesbian and gay parents and their children. Indiana Law Journal
71: 623–671. Google Scholar, ISI
Sipsma, H. L., Ickovics, J. R., Lin, H., &
Kershaw, T. S. (2013). The impact of future expectations on adolescent sexual
risk behavior. Journal
of Youth and Adolescence, Advance online publication.
doi:10.1007/s10964-013-0082-7. Google Scholar
Sirota, T. H. (1997). A comparison of adult attachment
style dimensions between women who have gay or bisexual fathers and women who
have heterosexual fathers (Doctoral dissertation). School of Education, New York
University, Garden City, NY. Dissertation
Abstracts International, 58(01), 138B. (UMI No. 9718726). Google Scholar
Sirota, T. H. (2009) Adult attachment style
dimensions in women who have gay or bisexual fathers. Archives of Psychiatric
Nursing 23: 289–297. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Solomon, S. E., Rothblum, E. D., Balsam, K. F.
(2004) Pioneers in partnerships: Lesbian and gay male couples in civil
unions compared with those not in civil unions and married heterosexual
siblings. Journal of Family Psychology 18: 275–286. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Solomon, S. E., Rothblum, E. D., Balsam, K. F.
(2005) Money, housework, sex, and conflict: Same-sex couples in civil
unions, those not in civil unions, and heterosexual married siblings. Sex Roles
52: 561–575. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Stacey, J., Biblarz, T. J. (2001) (How) does the
sexual orientation of parents matter? American Sociological Review
66: 159–183. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Stark, R. (2012) America’s blessings: How religion
benefits everyone, including atheists, West Conshohocken,
PA: Templeton Press. Google Scholar
Stegner, B. L., Bostrom, A. G., Greenfield, T. K.
(1996) Equivalence testing for use in psychosocial and services research:
An introduction with examples. Evaluation and Program Planning
19: 193–198. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Stevens, M., Perry, B., Burston, A., Golombok, S.,
Golding, J. (2003) Openness in lesbian-mother families regarding mother’s
sexual orientation and child’s conception by donor insemination. Journal of
Reproductive and Infant Psychology 21: 347–362. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Strasser, M. (2010) Adoption, best interests, and
the Arkansas constitution. Arkansas Law Review 63: 3–29. Google Scholar
Strock, C. (2008) Married women who love
women, 2nd ed. New York, NY: Routledge, Taylor & Francis
Group. Google Scholar
Strohschein, L. (2010) Generating heat or light?
The challenge of social address variables. Journal of Marriage and Family
72: 23–28. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Sullins, D. P. (2015a) Child attention-deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in same-sex parent families in the United States:
Prevalence and comorbidities. British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research
6(10): 987–998. Google Scholar, Crossref
Sullins, D. P. (2015b) Bias in recruited sample
research on children with same-sex parents using the Strength and Difficulties
Questionnaire (SDQ). Journal of Scientific Research & Reports
5(5): 375–387. Google Scholar, Crossref
Sullins, D. P. (2015c) Emotional problems among
children with same-sex parents: Difference by definition. British Journal of
Education, Society, and Behavioural Science 7: 99–120. Google Scholar, Crossref
Sullins, D. P. (2015d) The unexpected harm of
same-sex marriage: A critical re-appraisal, replication, and re-analysis of
Wainright and Patterson’s studies of adolescents with same-sex parents. British
Journal of Education, Society, & Behavioural Science 11(2): 1–22. Google Scholar, Crossref
Sullivan, M. (2004) The family of women: Lesbian
mothers, their children, and the undoing of
gender, Berkeley: University of California Press. Google Scholar
Sun, Y., Li, Y. (2009) Parental divorce, sibship
size, family resources, and children’s academic performance. Social Science
Research 38: 622–634. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Sutfin, E. L., Fulcher, M., Bowles, R. P., Patterson,
C. J. (2008) How lesbian and heterosexual parents convey attitudes about
gender to their children: The role of gendered environments. Sex Roles
58: 501–513. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Swank, E., Woodford, M. R., Lin, C.
(2013) Antecedents of pro-LGBT advocacy among sexual minority and
heterosexual college students. Sexuality Research and Social Policy
10: 317–332. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Tan, T. X., Baggerly, J. (2009) Behavioral
adjustment of adopted Chinese girls in single-mother, lesbian-couple, and
heterosexual-couple households. Adoption Quarterly 12: 171–186. Google Scholar, Crossref
Tasker, F. L. (2010) Same-sex parenting and child
development: Reviewing the contribution of parental gender. Journal of Marriage
and Family 72: 35–40. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Tasker, F. L. (2013) Lesbian and gay parenting
post-heterosexual divorce and separation. In: Goldberg, A. E., Allen, K. R.
(eds) LGBT-parent families: Innovations in research and implications for
practice, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 3–20. Google Scholar, Crossref
Tasker, F. L., Barrett, H., De Simone, F.
(2010) ‘Coming out tales’: Adult sons and daughters’ feelings about their
gay father’s sexual identity. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family
Therapy 31: 326–337. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Tasker, F. L., Golombok, S. (1991) Children
raised by lesbian mothers: The empirical evidence. Family Law
21: 184–187. Google Scholar
Tasker, F., Golombok, S. (1995) Adults raised as
children in lesbian families. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
65(2): 203–215. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Tasker, F., Golombok, S. (1997) Growing up in a
lesbian family: Effects on child development, New York,
NY: Guilford. Google Scholar
Tasker, F., Golombok, S. (1998) The role of
co-mothers in planned lesbian-led families. Journal of Lesbian Studies
2: 49–68. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline
Tasker, F., Patterson, C. J. (2007) Research on
gay and lesbian parenting: Retrospect and prospect. Journal of GLBT Studies
3: 9–34. Google Scholar, Crossref
Telingator, C. J., Patterson, C. J.
(2008) Children and adolescents of lesbian and gay parents. Journal of the
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 47: 1364–1368. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Thompson, J. M. (2002) Mommy queerest: Contemporary
rhetorics of lesbian maternal identity, Amherst: University of
Massachusetts Press. Google Scholar
Thomson, N. R., Zand, D. H. (2002) The Harter
Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents: Psychometrics for an early adolescent,
African American sample. International Journal of Testing
2: 297–310. Google Scholar, Crossref
Tillman, K. H. (2007) Family structure pathways
and academic disadvantage among adolescents in stepfamilies. Sociological
Inquiry 77: 383–424. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Tobin, J., McNair, R. (2009) Public international
law and the regulation of private spaces: Does the convention of the rights of
the child impose an obligation on states to allow gay and lesbian couples to
adopt?International Journal of Law, Policy, and the Family
23: 110–131. Google Scholar, Crossref
Torbati, M. (1997) The right of intimate sexual
relations: Normative and social bases for according it “fundamental right”
status. Southern California Law Review 70: 1805–1840. Google Scholar, ISI
Tornello, S. L., Farr, R. H., Patterson, C. J.
(2011) Predictors of parenting stress among gay adoptive fathers in the
United States. Journal of Family Psychology 25: 591–600. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Trickett, P. K., Noll, J. G., Putnam, F. W.
(2011) The impact of sexual abuse on female development: Lessons from a
multigenerational, longitudinal study. Development and Psychopathology
23: 453–476. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Tryon, W. W. (2001) Evaluating statistical
difference, equivalence, and indeterminacy using inferential confidence
intervals: An integrated alternative method of conducting null hypothesis
statistical tests. Psychological Methods 6: 371–386. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Tryon, W. W., Lewis, C. (2008) An inferential
confidence interval method of establishing statistical equivalence that
corrects Tryon’s (2001) reduction factor. Psychological Methods
13: 272–277. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Turner, P. H., Scadden, L., Harris, M. B.
(1990) Parenting in gay and lesbian families. Journal of Gay & Lesbian
Psychotherapy 1: 55–66. Google Scholar, Crossref
VanderLaan, D. P., Gothreau, L. M., Bartlett, N. H.,
Vasey, P. L. (2011) Recalled separation anxiety and gender atypicality in
childhood: A study of Canadian heterosexual and homosexual men and women.
Archives of Sexual Behavior 40: 1233–1240. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Van de Ven, P., Rodden, P., Crawford, J., Kippax, S.
(1997) A comparative demographic and sexual profile of older homosexually
active men. Journal of Sex Research 34: 349–360. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Vanfraussen, K., Ponjaert-Kristoffersen, I., Brewaeys,
A. (2002) What does it mean for youngsters to grow up in a lesbian family
created by means of donor insemination? Journal of Reproductive and Infant
Psychology 20: 237–252. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Van Gelderen, L., Bos, H. M. W., Gartrell, N.,
Hermanns, J., Perrin, E. C. (2012) Quality of life of adolescents raised
from birth by lesbian mothers: The US National Longitudinal Family Study.
Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 33: 17–23. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Van Rijn-van Gelderen, L., Bos, H. M. W., Gartrell, N.
K. (2015) Dutch adolescents from lesbian-parent families: How do they
compare to peers with heterosexual parents and what is the impact of homophobic
stigmatization? Journal of Adolescence 40: 65–73. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Veldorale-Brogan, A., Cooley, M. (2011) Child
outcomes for children with LGBT parents. NCFR Report 56(4): F15–F16. Google Scholar
Verbakel, E., Kalmijn, M. (2014) Assortative
mating among Dutch married and cohabiting same-sex and different-sex couples.
Journal of Marriage and Family 76: 1–12. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Victor, S. B., Fish, M. C. (1995) Lesbian mothers
and their children: A review for school psychologists. School Psychology Review
24: 456–479. Google Scholar, ISI
Wainright, J. L., Patterson, C. J.
(2006) Delinquency, victimization, and substance use among adolescents
with female same-sex parents. Journal of Family Psychology
20: 526–530. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Wainright, J. L., Russell, S. T., Patterson, C. J.
(2004) Psychosocial adjustment, school outcomes, and romantic
relationships of adolescents with same-sex parents. Child Development
75: 1886–1898. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Waite, L., Lillard, L. (1991) Children and
marital disruption. American Journal of Sociology 96: 930–953. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Wald, M. S. (2006) Adults’ sexual orientation and
state determinations regarding placement of children. Family Law Quarterly
40(3): 381–434. Google Scholar, ISI
Walsh, K., Latzman, N. E., Latzman, R. D.
(2013) Pathway from child sexual and physical abuse to risky sex among
emerging adults: The role of trauma-related intrusions and alcohol problems.
Journal of Adolescent Health 1: 7. Google Scholar
Ward, J. (2013) Get your gender identity off my
childhood! Towards a movement for children’s gender self-determination. In:
Green, F. J., Friedman, M. (eds) Chasing rainbows: Exploring gender fluid
parenting practices, Bradford, Ontario: Demeter Press,
pp. 43–51. Google Scholar
Warner, R. M. (2013) Applied statistics: From
bivariate through multivariate techniques, Los Angeles: Sage. Google Scholar
Webb, S. N., Chonody, J. (2014) Heterosexual
attitudes toward same-sex marriage: The influence of attitudes toward same-sex
parenting. Journal of GLBT Family Studies 10: 404–421. Google Scholar, Crossref
Wellek, S. (2003) Testing statistical hypotheses of
equivalence, Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall/CRC. Google Scholar
Welsh, M. G. (2011) Growing up in a same-sex
parented family: The adolescent voice of experience. Journal of GLBT Family
Studies 7: 49–71. Google Scholar, Crossref
Whitton, S. W., Buzzella, B. A. (2012) Using
relationship education programs with same-sex couples: A preliminary evaluation
of program utility and needed modifications. Marriage and Family Review
48: 669–690. Google Scholar, Crossref
Wichstrom, L. (1995) Harter’s self-perception
profile for adolescents: Reliability, validity, and evaluation of the question
format. Journal
of Personality Assessment 65: 100–116. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Wiik, K. A., Seierstad, A., Noack, T.
(2014) Divorce in Norwegian same-sex marriages and registered
partnerships: the role of children. Journal of Marriage and Family
76: 919–929. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Wilkinson, L. The Task Force on Statistical Inference,
APA Board of Scientific Affairs (1999) Statistical methods in psychology
journals: Guidelines and explanations. American Psychologist
54: 594–604. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI
Wilsnack, S. C., Kristjanson, A. F., Hughes, T. L.,
Benson, P. W. (2012) Characteristics of childhood sexual abuse in lesbians
and heterosexual women. Child Abuse & Neglect 36: 260–265. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
Zink, Z. D. (2005) Adoptive homes and the meaning
of family: Implications for gay and lesbian prospective parents. Journal of
Student Social Work 3: 52–60. Google Scholar
Zuckerman, M. (2007) Sensation seeking and risky
behavior, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Google Scholar, Crossref
Δεν υπάρχουν σχόλια:
Δημοσίευση σχολίου